One of the places of articulation which most languages do not tend to produce consonant is the position of uvular. In some of the limited languages which have consonants in this place, they only have a stop consonant. In Persian, most grammarians and linguists agree to Standard Persian in which there is only one uvular stop. This uvular stop phoneme is a voiced uvular stop consonant has produced different allophones in different context. Nevertheless, this situation in standard Persian of some of the Persian dialects seems there are two uvular consonants. The present study tries to assess this important issue by studying the acoustic characteristics of this uvular stop consonant in Neyriz dialect. The data available in this research is dialogue speech which has been analyzed using the PRAAT software. The present study shows that in this dialect, there are two phonemes /G/ and /q/ which have been noticed in some periods of Persian language development.

The contrastive function of [spread glottis] in the description of stops and fricatives has been approved in many languages, such as English, but its role in the phonological behavior of Persian stops, not fricatives, has been discussed yet. This paper based on Glottal timing theory shows that regarding this laryngeal feature in the description of Persian fricatives has got phonetic plausibility. By taking its contractiveness into account, Persian phonetic possibilities, then, regarding this feature has been dedicated in the framework of derivational approach. The results also show that applying this feature brings more economic and efficient analyses about some superficial unrelated phonological processes such as spirantisization of velar stop, fricativization of aspirated onsets and postfricative voicing based on autosegmental and optimality theoreis. This is why this paper suggests that voiceless fricatives together with voceless stops would form a natural class based on the shared feature, that is [+spread], and their voiced counterparts form a natural class due to shared [-spread] as well.

1-Introduction Many Arabic loanwords have been adapted by Persian and its numerous dialects. Some of theseloanwords have uvular consonants including the voiceless stop /q/ and the voiced fricative /R/ both of which were replaced by the single phone [G] in standard Persian. However, as /R/ is a phoneme in the Roudbari Persian dialect it is not replaced by any sound. This research aimed at explaining each of these sound substitution processes within the framework of Optimality Theory (Hereafter OT) put forward by Prince and Smolensky (1993/2004). 2-Methodology The Roudbari data were collected by one of the researchers by recording the voices of several male and female native speakers. Then the data were analyzed to indentify the phonological processes and contexts in which they occurred. The phonological processes that occur in the substitution of uvular consonants of Arabic loanwords in standard Persian and Roudbari dialect were analyzed within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/ 2004). In doing so, the constraints that caused these phonological processes were identified or formalized in case they did not exist in the OT literature. 3-Conclusion Sound substitution is a process whereby a phoneme in a loanword is replaced by its closest phone in the borrowing language. In OT loanwords are subject to the same universal constraints; however their rankings are subject to the phonology of the borowing language. Many Arabic loanwords with uvular consonants including the voiceless stop /q/ and the voiced fricative /R/ have been adapted by Persian and its numerous dialects. Both of these consonants are replaced by a single consonant, the uvular voiced stop [G], in the standard Persian. Unlike the standard accent, /R/ is a phoneme in the Roudbari Persian dialect. Therefore, it is not replaced by any sound. However, neither /q/ nor /G/ exists in the Roudbari dialect phonemic inventory. Hence, /q/ in the syllable onsets of Arabic loanwords is replaced by [k] and [c] in environments preceding [+back] and [-back] vowels respectively. Besides, word-final /q/ is replaced by [c]. It presents arguments in favor of constraint rankings which cause the occurances of these processes. Moreover, it comes up with a single inclusive ranking of constraints that is capable of explaining the replacement of Arabic /q/ by [k] and [c] in all the three environments in Roudbari dialect.

Glottal stop occurrence was investigated in 46 simple and compound words with 2-3 repetitions in the speech of 5 male speakers of Persian of Tehran, Kerman, Yazd, Esfahan and Khorasan (Sabzevar) and statistical results based on acoustic observations were obtained. Findings showed that totally in the five varieties, the consonant appears as true closure or creaky voice, mostly word initially after pause, while in other positions compensatory lengthening, resyllabification or vowel hiatus are possible after its deletion. This phonetic variation is parallel with laryngeal phonation states and compatible with Persian phonological constraints whose rankings in the framework of Optimality Theory can account for the possibility of the consonant pronunciation as a phonetic unit of Persian language.

Glottal articulation occurs, in the Larynx, by the juxtaposition of the vocal cords. Glottal stop is used in Persian before initial vowels, as in [?ABAD].Up to now, many articles have been written about the glottal stop in Persian, but still many questions remain to be addressed about this segment. Some authors do not regared the glottal stop as a phoneme in Persian, but it is also used as a phoneme in some contexts. In this article, it has been shown that there are two kinds of glottal stop in Persian, according to the distribution of glottal stop and compematory lengthening. One of them is an underlyng phoneme and the other one is the result of the process of insertion. The former has a complete distribution in the onset and the coda of a syllable, but the latter is just found in the onset at the beginning of a word. If the underlying glottal stop is deleted in the coda, this deletion causes compensatory lengthening. The underlying glottal stop is suggested to have a slot in the skeletal tier, but other one does not have this slot in the skeletal tier.

Background and Aim: Laboratories, on average, allocated for about 4 percent of Hospital's budget and are often considered the main focus of health care spending. There is a wide range of laboratory automation options available today that Designed to improve the quality and efficiency of laboratory tests. The aim of this study was to investigate The effect of Implementation of Automatic stop Order program on the management of the request and the cost of frequent and costly tests in Shahid Rajaei Educational and medical center. Research Methods: This research is analytical and comparative. In terms of time, the work is cross-sectional-longitudinal. After of data collection of before and after of Implementation of Automatic stop Order program, analysis was carried out with the SPSS 19&Excel softwares. Results: In order to establish the Auto stop Order program to control the amount of requests and the cost of frequent tests, first the number of requests and the total cost of tests in Shahid Rajaei Medical Training Center were examined and all the laboratory services requested in the hospital, 27 laboratory services were selected to apply in the Auto stop Order program. The total number of requests after the implementation of the Auto stop Order program decreased by 11% and 8100 laboratory services. Also, after the implementation of the Auto stop Order program on 27 costly tests, the cost of the tests was reduced by 16% and the amount was 445, 004, 725 Rials. Conclusion: Using the Auto stop Order program can lead to rational prescribing of tests according to clinical guidelines, reducing the cost of patients' and resource control, and saving hospital laboratory costs. Therefore, managers and policy makers of the health system should create a suitable platform to use this program as a way to reduce costs in the laboratories of public hospitals in the country.